E hia te taumaha o te kirokaramu? Kua rau tau ngā kaipūtaiao e tūhura ana i tēnei raruraru ngāwari noa iho.
I te tau 1795, i whakatinanahia e Parani tētahi ture i whakatakoto i te "karamu" hei "taumaha tuturu o te wai i roto i tētahi poraka ko tōna rahinga he rite ki te kotahi rau o te mita i te pāmahana ina rewa te hukapapa (arā, 0°C)." I te tau 1799, i kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao ko te rahinga o te wai te mea tino pumau ina teitei rawa te mātotoru o te wai i te 4°C, nō reira kua huri te whakamāramatanga o te kirokaramu ki "te papatipu o te 1 tesimita kūpiko o te wai parakore i te 4°C". Nā tēnei i hua mai he kirokaramu taketake konukawata parakore, ko te kirokaramu he rite ki tōna taumaha, e kiia nei ko te kirokaramu pūranga.
E 90 tau te roa o te whakamahinga o tēnei kirokaramu pūranga hei paearu. I te tau 1889, i whakaaetia e te Huihuinga Tuatahi o te Ao mō te Ine Ine ira he tauira koranu platinum-iridium e tata ana ki te kirokaramu pūranga hei kirokaramu taketake o te ao. Ko te taumaha o te "kirokaramu" e tautuhia ana e te rango koranu platinum-iridium (90% platinum, 10% iridium), e 39 mm te teitei me te whānui, ā, kei te rongoatia i tēnei wā i roto i te rūma o raro i te taha o Parī.
Kirokaramu taketake o te ao
Mai anō i te Wā o te Māramatanga, kua whakapau kaha te hapori rūri ki te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha rūri whānui. Ahakoa he huarahi whai hua tēnei ki te whakamahi i te mea tūturu hei paearu ine, nā te mea he ngāwari te pakaru o te mea tūturu e ngā āhuatanga hanga tangata, e ngā āhuatanga taiao rānei, ka pāngia te pumau, ā, kua roa te hiahia o te hapori ine kia whakarērea tēnei tikanga i te wā e taea ai.
I muri i te whakamahinga o te kirokaramu i te whakamāramatanga taketake o te ao mō te kirokaramu, kei reira tētahi pātai e tino āwangawanga ana ngā tohunga ine ine: he pēhea te pumau o tēnei whakamāramatanga? Ka nekeneke haere rānei i roto i te wā?
Me kī, i ara ake tēnei pātai i te tīmatanga o te whakamāramatanga o te kirokaramu ine taumaha. Hei tauira, i te wā i whakamāramahia ai te kirokaramu i te tau 1889, i whakaputa te Tari Taumaha me ngā Ine ā-Ao i ngā taumaha kirokaramu konukōre platinum-iridium e whitu, ko tētahi o ēnei ko te International. Ko te kirokaramu taketake e whakamahia ana hei whakamārama i te taumaha kirokaramu ine taumaha, ā, ko ngā taumaha e 6 kē atu i hangaia i te rauemi kotahi me te tukanga kotahi e whakamahia ana hei paearu tuarua hei tirotiro mēnā he rerekētanga i waenganui i a rātou anō i roto i te wā.
I taua wā anō, me te whanaketanga o te hangarau tino tika, me whai inenga pumau, tika hoki. Nō reira, i whakaarohia he mahere hei tautuhi anō i te waeine taketake o te ao me ngā pūmau ā-tinana. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmau hei tautuhi i ngā waeine ine, ko te tikanga ka tutuki i ēnei whakamāramatanga ngā hiahia o te whakatupuranga hou o ngā kitenga pūtaiao.
E ai ki ngā raraunga mana o te Tari Taumaha me te Ine o te Ao, i roto i ngā tau 100 mai i te tau 1889 ki te tau 2014, i rerekē te kounga o ētahi atu kirokaramu taketake me te kirokaramu taketake o te ao mā te 50 maikirokaramu. E whakaatu ana tēnei he raruraru kei te pumau o te paearu ā-tinana o te waeine kounga. Ahakoa te ahua iti o te panonitanga o te 50 maikirokaramu, he nui te pānga ki ētahi ahumahi papai.
Mena ka whakamahia ngā pūmau ā-tinana taketake hei whakakapi i te paearu ā-tinana kirokaramu, kāore te pumau o te waeine papatipu e pāngia e te wāhi me te wā. Nō reira, i te tau 2005, i tuhia e te Komiti Taumaha me ngā Ine o te Ao he anga mō te whakamahinga o ngā pūmau ā-tinana taketake hei tautuhi i ētahi waeine taketake o te Pūnaha Waeine o te Ao. E taunakihia ana kia whakamahia te pūmau Planck hei tautuhi i te waeine papatipu kirokaramu, ā, ka akiakihia ngā taiwhanga taumata-motu matatau ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi rangahau pūtaiao e pā ana.
Nō reira, i te Huihuinga ā-Ao mō te Ine Ine i te Tau 2018, i pōti ngā kaipūtaiao kia whakakorea mana te kirokaramu tauira o te ao, ā, i hurihia te pūmau Planck (tohu h) hei paerewa hou hei tautuhi anō i te "kg".
Wā tuku: Maehe-05-2021