Ko ngā pauna e whakamahia ana mō te whakataunga hokohoko ka whakarōpūtia hei taputapu ine e tika ana kia whakamanahia e te kāwanatanga i runga anō i te ture. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā pauna kerēni, ngā pauna papa iti, ngā pauna tūāpapa, me ngā hua pauna taraka. Me whakamanahia tetahi pauna e whakamahia ana mō te whakataunga hokohoko; ki te kore, ka whiua pea. Ka mahia te manatoko i runga anō i teJJG 539-2016Ture WhakamanamōNgā Tauine Tohu Mamati, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei whakamana i ngā pauna taraka. Heoi anō, tera atu anō tētahi ture whakamana mō ngā pauna taraka ka taea te whakamahi:JJG 1118-2015Ture WhakamanamōHikohikoTauine Taraka(Tikanga Pūtau Utaina)Ko te kōwhiringa i waenga i ngā mea e rua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhuatanga tūturu, ahakoa i te nuinga o te wā ka mahia te manatoko i runga anō i te JJG 539-2016.
I roto i te JJG 539-2016, ko te whakaahuatanga o ngā tauine penei:
I roto i tēnei Ture, ko te kupu "tauine" e pā ana ki tētahi momo taputapu pauna kore-aunoa (NAWI).
Mātāpono: Ina whakatakotoria he kawenga ki runga i te kaiwhiwhi kawenga, ka whakaputahia he tohu hiko e te pūoko pauna (pūtau kawenga). Kātahi ka hurihia tēnei tohu, ka tukatukahia e te taputapu tukatuka raraunga, ā, ka whakaaturia te hua pauna e te taputapu tohu.
Hanganga: Kei roto i te pauna he pūwhakawhiwhi kawenga, he pūtau kawenga, me te tohu pauna. Tērā pea he hanganga whakauru, he hanganga ā-pūrua rānei.
Taupānga: Ko ēnei pauna te nuinga e whakamahia ana mō te pauna me te ine i ngā taonga, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi hokohoko arumoni, ngā tauranga, ngā taunga rererangi, ngā whare putunga me ngā mahi whakahaere taonga, te mahi whakarewa, tae atu ki ngā umanga ahumahi.
Ngā momo pauna tohu matihiko: Ngā pauna hiko mō te paepae me te papaaho (e kiia katoatia ana ko ngā pauna hiko mō te paepae/papaaho), tae atu ki: Ngā tauine rorohiko utu, Ngā pauna taumaha anake, Ngā tauine waehere pae, Ngā tauine tatau, Tauine maha-wehenga, Ngā tauine maha-wā me ērā atu anō hoki;Ngā pauna kerēni hiko, tae atu ki: Tauine matau, Tauine matau whakairi, Ngā pauna kerēni haere i runga ake, Ngā pauna Monorail me ērā atu anō hoki;Ngā pauna hiko pumau, tae atu ki: Ngā pauna poka hiko, Ngā pauna hiko e mau ana ki te mata, Tauine pūwero hiko me ētahi atu
Kāore e kore ko ngā taputapu pauna nui pērā i te pauna tāke, te pauna taraka rānei, kei roto i te kāwai pauna hiko pumau, nō reira ka taea te manatoko i runga anō i teTure WhakamanamōNgā Tauine Tohu Mamati(JJG 539-2016). Mō ngā pauna iti te kaha, he māmā noa te uta me te tango i ngā taumaha paerewa. Heoi, mō ngā pauna nui e 3 × 18 mita te rahi, neke atu rānei i te 100 tana te kaha, ka nui ake te uaua o te mahi. He nui ngā wero mō te whai i ngā tikanga manatoko JJG 539, ā, he tata kore e taea te whakatinana i ētahi whakaritenga. Mō ngā pauna taraka, ko te manatoko i te mahi ine ine e rima ngā mea matua: Te tika o te tautuhinga kore me te tika o te taira., Kawenga tauhou (kawenga kei waho o te pokapū), Te pauna, Te pauna i muri i te tāra, Te auautanga me te whānuitanga o te wehewehe. I roto i ēnei, ko te kawenga tauhou, te taumaha, te taumaha i muri i te taumaha, me te āheinga ki te whakahoki anō he mea e tino pau ana te wā.Ki te whai pūmautia ngā tikanga, tērā pea e kore e taea te whakaoti i te manatoko o tētahi tauine taraka kotahi i roto i te kotahi rā. Ahakoa he pai te āheinga ki te whakahoki anō, e taea ai te whakaiti i te nui o ngā taumaha whakamātautau me te whakakapinga wāhanga, he uaua tonu te tukanga.
7.1 Ngā Taputapu Paerewa mō te Manatoko
7.1.1 Taumaha Paerewa
7.1.1.1 Me tutuki ngā taumaha paerewa e whakamahia ana mō te manatoko i ngā whakaritenga ine taumaha kua tohua i roto i te JG99, ā, kaua ō rātou hapa e neke ake i te 1/3 o te hapa mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō te kawenga e rite ana kua tohua i roto i te Ripanga 3.
7.1.1.2 Me rawaka te maha o ngā taumaha paerewa hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga manatoko o te pauna.
7.1.1.3 Me whakarato ētahi atu taumaha paerewa hei whakamahi me te tikanga ira utaina wā poto hei whakakore i ngā hapa whakaawhiwhi.
7.1.2 Te Whakakapinga o ngā Taumaha Paerewa
Ina manatokohia te pauna i tōna wāhi whakamahi, whakakapia ngā kawenga (ētahi atu papatipu
me ngā taumaha pumau me ngā taumaha e mōhiotia ana) ka taea te whakamahi hei whakakapi i tētahi wāhanga o te paerewa
ngā taumaha:
Mena ka nui ake te āheinga tāruarua o te tauine i te 0.3e, me 1/2 te iti rawa o te taumaha o ngā taumaha paerewa e whakamahia ana i te kaha tauine mōrahi;
Mena he nui ake te āheinga tāruarua o te tauine i te 0.2e engari kāore e neke atu i te 0.3e, ka taea te whakaiti i te papatipu o ngā taumaha paerewa e whakamahia ana ki te 1/3 o te kaha tauine mōrahi;
Mena kāore te āheinga tāruarua o te tauine e neke ake i te 0.2e, ka taea te whakaiti i te papatipu o ngā taumaha paerewa e whakamahia ana ki te 1/5 o te kaha tauine mōrahi.
Ka whakatauhia te āheinga whakahoki i whakahuatia i runga ake nei mā te tāpiri i tētahi kawenga o te haurua pea o te kaha tauine mōrahi (arā, ngā taumaha paerewa, tētahi atu papatipu rānei he taumaha pumau) ki te kaiwhiwhi kawenga e toru ngā wā.
Mena kei roto i te 0.2e–0.3e / 10–15 kg te kaha o te whakahokinga, e 33 tana te katoa o ngā taumaha paerewa e hiahiatia ana. Mena he nui ake te kaha o te whakahokinga i te 15 kg, e 50 tana te taumaha e hiahiatia ana. He tino uaua ki te whare whakamana te kawe mai i te 50 tana taumaha ki te papaanga hei whakamana i te tauine. Mena he 20 tana taumaha anake e kawea mai ana, ka taea te whakaaro ko te kaha o te whakahokinga o te tauine 100-tana kāore e neke ake i te 0.2e/10 kg. He mea ruarua te taea te whakatutuki i te kaha o te whakahokinga i te 10 kg, ā, ka taea e te katoa te whai whakaaro ki ngā wero mahi. Heoi anō, ahakoa kua whakaitihia te tapeke o ngā taumaha paerewa e whakamahia ana, me whakanui tonu ngā kawenga whakakapi, kia kore ai e rerekē te kawenga whakamātautau katoa.
1. Te Whakamātautau i ngā Pūwāhi Taumaha
Mō te manatoko pauna, me tīpako kia rima ngā pūwāhi kawenga rerekē. Me whakauru atu ki ēnei te kaha tauine iti rawa, te kaha tauine mōrahi, me ngā uara kawenga e pā ana ki ngā huringa o te hapa mōrahi e whakaaetia ana, arā, ngā pūwāhi tika waenga: 500e me 2000e. Mō te tauine taraka 100-tana, ko e = 50 kg, e rite ana tēnei ki: 500e = 25 t, 2000e = 100 t. Ko te pūwāhi 2000e te tohu mō te kaha tauine mōrahi, ā, he uaua pea te whakamātautau i tēnei i roto i te mahi. Hei tāpiri,te pauna i muri i te tarame whakahou te manatoko i ngā pūwāhi kawenga e rima. Kaua e whakaititia te nui o te mahi e uru ana ki ngā pūwāhi aroturuki e rima—he tino nui te mahi tuturu o te uta me te tango.
2. Whakamātautau Kawenga Tauhou
7.5.11.2 Utaina me te Horahanga Tauhou
a) Mō ngā tauine he nui ake i te 4 ngā pūwāhi tautoko (N > 4): Ko te kawenga e pā ana ki ia pūwāhi tautoko me rite ki te 1/(N–1) o te kaha tauine mōrahi. Me pā ngā taumaha ki runga ake i ia pūwāhi tautoko, i roto i te horahanga tata ki te 1/N o te kaiwhiwhi kawenga. Mena he tata rawa ngā pūwāhi tautoko e rua, tera pea he uaua te whakamahi i te whakamātautau e whakaahuatia ana i runga ake nei. I tēnei wā, ka taea te whakamahi i te kawenga rua ki runga i te wāhi e rua te tawhiti i te rārangi e hono ana i ngā pūwāhi tautoko e rua.
b) Mō ngā tauine me te 4, iti iho rānei ngā pūwāhi tautoko (N ≤ 4): Me ōrite te kawenga e pā ana ki te 1/3 o te kaha tauine mōrahi.
Me tāpiri ngā taumaha kia rite tonu ki roto i tētahi horahanga e rite ana ki te 1/4 o te kaiwhiwhi kawenga, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1, i tētahi whirihoranga rānei e rite ana ki te Pikitia 1.
Mō te tauine taraka 100-tana e 3 × 18 mita te rahi, e waru pea ngā pūtau kawenga. Mā te wehewehe i te kawenga katoa kia ōrite, me tāpiri he 100 ÷ 7 ≈ 14.28 tana (tata ki te 14 tana) ki ia pūwāhi tautoko. He tino uaua ki te whakatakoto i te 14 tana o ngā taumaha ki ia pūwāhi tautoko. Ahakoa ka taea te whakarārangi tinana i ngā taumaha, he nui te kawenga mahi ki te uta me te tango i aua taumaha nunui.
3. Tikanga Utaina Manatoko vs. Utaina Whakahaere Tuturu
Mai i te tirohanga o ngā tikanga uta, he rite te manatoko o ngā pauna taraka ki ērā o ngā pauna iti te kaha. Heoi, i te wā e manatokohia ana ngā pauna taraka i te papa, ka hikihia ngā taumaha ka whakatakotoria tika ki runga i te papa pauna, he rite ki te tikanga e whakamahia ana i te wā whakamātautau wheketere. He rerekē rawa tēnei tikanga mō te whakamahi i te kawenga mai i te kawenga mahi tuturu o te pauna taraka. Ko te whakatakotoranga tika o ngā taumaha kua hikihia ki runga i te papa pauna kāore e whakaputa i ngā kaha pānga whakapae, kāore e uru ki ngā taputapu aukati taha, roa rānei o te pauna, ā, ka uaua ki te kite i ngā pānga o ngā ara tomo/puta tika me ngā taputapu aukati roa i ngā pito e rua o te pauna ki te mahi pauna.
I roto i te mahi, ko te manatoko i te mahi ine ine mā te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga kāore e whakaata katoa i te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi tūturu. Ko te manatoko i ahu mai i tēnei tikanga utaina kore-whakaaturanga anake, kāore pea e kitea te mahi ine pono i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi tūturu.
E ai ki a JJG 539-2016Ture WhakamanamōNgā Tauine Tohu Mamati, mā te whakamahi i ngā taumaha paerewa, ngā taumaha paerewa rānei me ngā whakakapinga hei manatoko i ngā pauna kaha-nui he nui ngā wero, tae atu ki: Te nui o te kawenga mahi, Te kaha o te mahi, Te utu nui mō te kawe i ngā taumaha, He roa te wā manatoko, Ngā mōrearea haumarume ētahi atuHe uaua rawa te manatoko i te wāhi nei nā ēnei āhuatanga. I te tau 2011, i whakahaerehia e te Fujian Institute of Metrology te kaupapa whakawhanake taputapu pūtaiao matua ā-motu.Te Whakawhanaketanga me te Whakamahinga o ngā Taputapu Ine Utaina Tino Tika mō ngā Pauna TaumahaKo te Taputapu Ine Utaina Taumaha kua whakawhanakehia he taputapu manatoko āwhina motuhake e tutuki ana i te OIML R76, e āhei ai te manatoko tika, tere, me te watea o tetahi pūwāhi uta, tae atu ki te tauine katoa, me ētahi atu tūemi manatoko mō ngā tauine taraka hiko. I runga i tēnei taputapu, JJG 1118-2015Ture WhakamanamōTauine Taraka Hiko (Tikanga Ine Utaina)i whakatinanahia mana i te 24 o Noema, 2015.
He painga, he ngoikoretanga hoki ō ngā tikanga manatoko e rua, ā, ko te kōwhiringa i roto i te mahi me mahi i runga i te āhuatanga o te wā.
Ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā ture manatoko e rua:
JJG 539-2016 Ngā Painga: 1. He pai ake te whakamahi i ngā kawenga paerewa, i ngā whakakapinga rānei i te akomanga M2,e whakaae ana ki te wāhanga manatoko o kia eke ngā tauine taraka hiko ki te 500–10,000.2. Kotahi tau te huringa manatoko o ngā taputapu paerewa, ā, ka taea te whakaoti i te whai i ngā taputapu paerewa i ngā whare wānanga ine ine taumata ā-tāone, ā-rohe rānei.
Ngā ngoikoretanga: He nui rawa te mahi me te kaha o te mahi; Te utu nui mō te uta, te tango me te kawe i ngā taumaha; He iti te whai huatanga me te ngoikore o te mahi haumaru; He roa te wā manatoko; he uaua pea te piripono ki te mahi.
JJG 1118 Ngā Painga: 1. Ka taea te kawe i te Taputapu Ine Utaina me ōna taputapu ki te papa mahi i roto i tētahi waka kotahi e rua ōna toki.2. He iti te kaha o te mahi, he iti te utu kawe kawenga, he teitei te whai huatanga o te manatoko, he pai te mahi haumaru, ā, he poto te wā manatoko.3. Kāore he take mō te tango/uta anō hei manatoko.
Ngā ngoikoretanga: 1. Mā te whakamahi i te Tauine Taraka Hiko (Tikanga Ine Utaina),ka taea e te wehenga manatoko te tae atu ki te 500–3,000 anake.2. Me tāuta he taputapu kaha tauhohenga ki te tauine taraka hiko.e (kurupae cantilever) e hono ana ki ngā pou (ngā pou raima pumau, ngā pou hanganga maitai neke rānei).3. Mō te whakatau tautohe, mō te aromatawai ā-ture rānei, me whai te manatoko i te JJG 539 mā te whakamahi i ngā taumaha paerewa hei taputapu tohutoro. 4. E ono marama te roa o te huringa manatoko o ngā taputapu paerewa, ā, kāore anō kia whakatūria e te nuinga o ngā whare ine ine ā-rohe, ā-tāone rānei te whai i ēnei taputapu paerewa; me tiki mai i ngā whare whai mana te whai i aua taputapu.
Kei te JJG 1118-2015 tētahi taputapu manatoko āwhina motuhake i tūtohutia e te OIML R76, ā, he tāpiritanga ki te tikanga manatoko o ngā pauna taraka hiko i roto i te JJG 539-1997.E pā ana ki ngā pauna taraka hiko me te kaha mōrahi ≥ 30 tana, te wehenga manatoko ≤ 3,000, i te tika waenga, i ngā taumata tika noa rānei. Kāore e tika ana mō ngā pauna taraka maha-wāhanga, maha-awhe, ngā pauna taraka hiko rānei me ngā taputapu tohu whānui.
Wā tuku: 26 o Ākuhata-2025